Matthew Poole and continuators on Exodus 32:19

19 And it came to pass assoon as he came nigh unto the camp, that he saw the calf, and the dancing: and Moses anger waxed hot, and he cast the tables out of his hands, and brake them beneath the mount.

Not through rash anger, but by Divine instinct, partly to punish their Idolatry with so great a loss, and partly to shew that the covenant made between God and them so much to their advantage, which was contained in those tables, was by their sin broken and now of none effect, and not to be renewed but by bitter repentance.