Matthew Poole and continuators on James 3

1 MY brethren, be not many masters , knowing that we shall receive the greater condemnation .

Let not every Man make himself a Master of other Mens Faith and Manners, a Censor, or supercilious Reprover of their Failings and Infirmities, Matth. 7.1. All Reproof is not here forbidden, neither Authoritative by Church Officers, nor Charitative by private Brethren, but that which is irregular [illegible: 1 letter]i[illegible: 1 letter]her in the ground of it, when that is false, or the manner of it, when it is masterly and imperious, or preposterous (as when we reprehend others, and are no less reprehensible our selves, Rom. 2.21.) or in the end of it, when we seek to advance our own Reputation by observing or aggravating others Faults, &c.

By how much the more severe and rigid we are in judging others, the greater will be our Judgment, not only from Men, who will be apt to retaliate, but from God himself, Matth. 7.1, 2, 3. Luke 6.33. Rom. 2.2, 3. See the like Expression, Mat. 23.8, 14.

Marginal references: Or, judgment.

2 For in many things we offend all . If any man offend not in word , the same is a perfect man , and able also to bridle the whole body .

There is no Man absolutely free from Sin, 1 King. 8.46. Iob. 14.4. Prov. 20.9. Eccles. 7.20. and 1 Iobn. 1.8, 10. And therefore we must not be too critical in other Mens Actions, having so many Failings our selves, Gal. 6.1.

Knows how to govern his Tongue aright, speaks what, and when, as he ought.

Either sincere in the opposition to the Hypocrisie of those that pretend so great Zeal in correcting others, when they are alike, or more guilty themselves: or rather, we may understand it comparatively, and with respect to others, of one that hath made good Proficiency in Religion, and is of greater Attainments than others. See 1 Cor. 2.6.

To govern all the other parts (Eyes, Ears, Hands, &c.) as to those Actions which are performed by them. No Member of the Body being more ready to offend than the Tongue; he that can rule that, may rule all else.

Marginal references: 2 Chron. 6.36.; Psal. 34.13. Chap. 1.26.; Mat. 12.37. Psal. 32.9.

3 Behold, we put bits in the horses mouths that they may obey us, and we turn about their whole body .

He illustrates the former Proposition, that he that can rule his Tongue, may rule his whole Body, by two Similitudes; the first of an unruly Horse, which yet, as wanton as he is, being curbed in with a Bit, may be easily managed; intimating, that even so, if a Man's Tongue be well governed, the rest of the Man will be under command.

4 Behold also the ships which, though they be so great, and driven of fierce winds, yet are they turned about with a very small helm whithersoever the governour listeth .

The other Similitude in which a Man is compared to a Ship, the Tongue to the Rudder, the governing the whole Body to the turning about the Ship. As the Rudder is but a small thing, in Comparison of the much greater Bulk of a Ship, and yet being it self turned, turns the whole Ship (tho so great, and driven of so fierce Winds) which way soever the Steersman pleaseth: So likewise the Tongue, tho little to the whole Man (which may withal be driven, and acted by Storms of furious Passions) yet if it be it self under Government, the rest of the Man will be so too.

5 Even so the tongue is a little member , and boasteth great things . Behold how great a matter a little fire kindleth .

The Accomodation of the former Similitudes: the Tongue is a little Member, i. e. one of the lesser, in Comparison of the Body.

The Greek Word signifies, according to its Derivation, the lifting up of the Neck (as Horses, mentioned, v. 3. are wont to do in their Pride) in a way of Bravery and Triumph; and hence it is used to express boasting and glorying, but here seems to imply something more, viz. not only the uttering big Words, but doing great things, whether good and useful, as in the former Similitudes, or evil, as in what follows; or its boasting how great things it can do, q. d. the Tongue, tho little, is of great force and efficacy, and it will tell you so it self; it not only boasts what its fellowMembers can do, but especially what it self can.

Another Similitude in which he sets forth the evil the Tongue, as little as it is, doth, where it is not well-governed, as in the former he had shewn the good it may do, when kept under Rule.

The word signifies either any comoustible Stuff, or, as in the Margin, Wood, that being the ordinary Fuel then in use.

Even a Spark, the smallest Quantity or Particle, which may do great Mischief, when lighting in sutable matter.

Marginal references: Prov. 12.18. and 15.2.; Psal. 12.3. and 73.8, 9.; Or, wood.

6 And the tongue is a fire , a world of iniquity: So is the tongue amongst our members, that it defileth the whole body q, and setteth on fire the course of nature ; and it is set on fire of hell.

The Application of the Similitude in the foregoing Words. The Tongue is a Fire, i. e. hath the force of Fire, and resembles it in the Mischief it doth.

A[illegible: 1 letter] Heap, or Aggregation of Evils (as the natural World is an Aggregation of many several Beings) as we say, an Ocean, or a World of Troubles, meaning, a great Multitude of them. And the Words may be understood, either with an Ellipsis of the word matter, expressed just before, and supplied here; and the pointing a little altered, they may be thus read, And the Tongue is a Fire, a World of Iniquity (or an unrighteous World, viz. which lies in Wickedness, 1 Iohn 5.19.) is the matter, namely, which it inflames. A wicked World is fit Fuel for a wicked Tongue, and soon catcheth the Fire which it kindles: Or, rather as they stand plainly without any such Defect: The Tongue is a World of Iniquity, i. e. an Heap or Mass of various sorts of Sins; tho it be but a little piece of Flesh, yet it contains a whole Word of Wickedness in it, or is as full of Evils, as the World is of Bodies.

Or, setteth on Fire the Wheel of Geniture, or Nativity (in allusion to a Wheel set on fire by a violent rapid motion) meaning the Course of Nativity, i. e. the natural Course of Life, as the Face of Nativity or Geniture, ch. 1.23. for the natural Face; the sense is, it inflames with various Lusts, Wrath, Malice, Wantonness, Pride, &c. the whole Course of Man's Life, so that there is no State, nor Age free from the Evils of it. Whereas other Vices either do not extend to the whole Man, or are abated with Age, or worn away with length of time; the Vices of the Tongue reach the whole Man, and the whole time of his life.

i. e. By the Devil, the Father of Lyes and Slanders, and other Tongue-sins, Iob 1.10. Iohn 8.44. Rev. 12.10. the Tongue being the Fire, the Devil, by the Bellows of Temptations, inflames it yet more, and thereby kindles the Fire of all Mischiefs in the World.

Infecteth the whole Man with Sin, Eccles. 5.6. as being the cause of Sin committed by all the Members of the Body; for tho Sin begin in the Soul, yet it is executed by the Body, which therefore seems here put (as v. 2.) for the Man.

Marginal references: Mat. 15.11, 18, 19. Mark. 7.15, 20, 23.

7 For every kind of beasts , and of birds , and of serpents , and things in the sea , is tamed, and hath been tamed of mankind.

Some of every kind.

Wild Beasts, such as are most fierce and untractable.

Tho so moveable and wandring, the very Vagabonds of Nature,

which are such Enemies to Mankind.

The Inhabitants, as it were, of another World; really of another Element.

Either made gentle, or at least, brought into Subjection to Man by one means or other He useth both Tenses, the Present, and the Preterperfect, to note that such things, not only have been, but still are; and that not as the Effects of some miraculous Providence, as in the Case of Daniel, ch. 6, and Paul, Acts· 28. but as that which is usually experienced, and in Man's Power still to do.

Marginal references: Gr. Nature.; Gr. Nature of [illegible: 1 word].

8 But the tongue can no man tame : it is an unruly evil , full of deadly poison .

Not only other Men's Tongues, but not his own.

No Man of himself, and without the Assistance of Divine Grace, can bring his Tongue into Subjection, and keep it in order; nor can any. Man by the Assistance of any Grace promised in this Life, so keep it, as that it shall never at all offend.

Or, which cannot be restrained, and kept within Bounds: Wild Beasts are kept in by Grates and Bars, but this by no Restraint.

The Wickedness of the Tongue is compared to Poison▪ in respect of the Mischief it doth to others. It seems to allude to those kind of Serpents which have Poison under their Tongues, Psalm 140.3. with which they kill those they bite. The Poison of the Tongue is no less deadly, it murders Men's Reputations by the Slanders it utters, their Souls by the Lust, and [illegible: 1 letter]assions it stirs up in them, and many times their Bodies too by the Contentions and Quarrels it raiseth against Men.

9 Therewith bless we God even the Father , and therewith curse we men , which are made after the similitude of God .

Prays, and speak well of God.

Of Christ, and in him of all true Believers.

Rail on, revile, speak evil of, as well as wish evil to.

Either, 1. Saints in whom God's Image is anew restored; or, 2ly. rather Men more generally, who, tho they have lost that spiritual Knowledge, Righteousness, and true Holiness, in which that Image of God, after which Man was created, principally consists; yet still have some Reliques of his Image continuing in them. This is added to aggravate the Sin, speaking evil of Men made after God's Image, is speaking evil of God obliquely, and by Reflection.

Marginal references: [illegible: 1 letter]en. 1.26.

10 Out of the same mouth proceedeth blessing and cursing . My brethren, these things ought not so to be .

He repeats here, by way of Exaggeration, what he had said, v. 9. to shew how exceedingly absurd it is, that two such contrary Actions should proceed from the same Agent.

There is a M[illegible: 1 letter]iosis in the words; he means, things should be quite contrary. See the like Expression, 1 Tim. 5.13. Tit. 1.11.

11 Doth a fountain send forth at the same place sweet water and bitter?

Ordinarily and naturally; if any such be, it is looked upon as uncouth and prodigious.

Marginal references: Or, hole.

12 Can the fig-tree, my brethren, bear olive berries, either a vine figs ? So can no fountain yield both salt water, and fresh .

The same Tree cannot ordinarily bring forth Fruit of different kinds (on the same Branch, whatever it may on different, by engrafting) much less contrary Natures. See Mat. 7.16, 17, 18.

Or, neither can a salt Fountain yield fresh Water; but the Scope is still the same, as in our reading. The Apostle argues from what is impossible, or monstrous in Naturals, to what is absurd in Manners, q. d. it is as absurd in Religion, for the Tongue of a regenerate Man, which is used to bless God, to take a liberty at other times to curse Man, as it would be strange in Nature for the same Tree, on the same Branch, to bear Fruits of different kinds; or the same Fountain at the same place to send forth bitter Water and sweet.

13 Who is a wise man, and endued with knowledge among you? let him shew, out of a good conversation, his works with meekness of wisdom .

i. e. If there be a wise Man, &c. See Psalm 25.12. and 1 Pet. 3.10. where what David speaks by way of Interrogation, Peter explains by way of Assertion. The Apostle having shewn the Disease of the Tongue, comes now to remove the Cause, viz. Mens Opinion of their own Wisdom; (they censure others, because they take themselves to be wiser than others) and to point out the Remedy, godly Meekness, which is the truest Wisdom.

By Wisdom and Knowledge the same thing may be meant; or if they be taken for several things, (as sometimes there may be great Knowledge where there is but little Wisdom) yet these masterly Censors he speaks of, pretended to both, and were so rigid toward others, because so well conceited of themselves: the sense is, You pretend to be wise and knowing, but if you would approve your selves as such indeed, shew out of a good Conversation, &c.

Let him shew as the Testimony of his Wisdom, not his words in hard Censures, but his Works, viz. good ones, and those not done now and then, or on the by, but in the constant Course, and Tenor of his Life▪ or shew his Works to be good, by their being not casual, but constant, and his ordinary Practice in his whole Conversation.

i. e. Meek and gentle Wisdom, which can hear, and answer, and teach, and admonish, and rebuke mildly, and sweetly, with long-suffering, as well as Doctrine, 2 Tim. 4.2. and then it notes the Quality of this Wisdom, or such Meekness as proceeds from Wisdom, or is joyned with it, there being some which is foolish, affected, carnal, viz. that which is opposed to Zeal; whereas true Meekness is only opposed to Fierceness and Rashness; and thus it notes the cause of Meekness.

14 But if ye have bitter envying , and strife in your hearts , glory not , and lie not against the truth .

Gr. Zeal, which he calls bitter, partly to distinguish it from that Zeal which is good; whereas this he speaks of is evil; and though it pretends to be Zeal, yet is really no other than Envy; and partly because it commonly proceeds from an imbittered Spirit, and tends to the imbittering it more.

Strife, the usual Effect of bitter Zeal, or Envy.

The Fountain whence it proceeds; or Strife in the Heart implies a Heart propense, and inclined to Strife.

Glory not of your Zeal, or rather, of your Wisdom, as if you were so well able to reprehend others, but rather be humbled; what you make the matter of your glorying, being really just cause of Shame.

Viz. By professing your selves wife, or zealous, when ye are really neither.

Marginal references: Rom. 13.13.

15 This wisdom descendeth not from above , but is earthly , sensual , devilish .

This Wisdom which they pretended so much to, who so criticized on other Men's Actions, and inveighed against them, and which was accompanied with Strife and Envy.

i. e. From God the Author of Wisdom, from whom, tho every good and perfect Gift descends, ch. 1.17. and even Knowledge, and Skill in natural things, Isa. 28.26▪ 29, yet this Wisdom being sinful, is not from him,

because it is of the Earth, of no higher Original than from the first Adam, who was of the Earth, and earthly, 1 Cor. 15.47. and likewise because it is employed, and fixeth Mens Minds on earthly things.

This may be understood, either, 1. according to the reading in the Text, the word here used, being so rendred, Iude 1.9. agreeable to 1 Thess. 5.23. where Soul, from whence the word is derived, is opposed to Spirit, and taken for the sensitive Powers, which Men have in common with Brutes in Distinction from the intellectual, which go under the name of Spirit, and are proper to Men: meer Reason, without the Divine Grace, being apt to degenerate into Brutishness, and easily brought to serve the ends of sensual Appetite; this VVisdom may well be called sensual. Or, 2ly. according to the margin, Natural, in opposition to Spiritual. The natural Man (1 Cor. 2.14. where the same word (in the Greek) is used as here) is one that lives under the Conduct of his own carnal Reason, not enlightned, nor regenerated by the Spirit of God: A Man of Soul, (as the word imports) or that hath no better, no higher Principle in him, than his own Soul. Accordingly, this VVisdom here mentioned, is such as proceeds meerly from a Man's own Soul, in its natural state destitute of the Light and Grace of God's Spirit, and therefore may be termed natural.

Because it is of the Devil, or such as is in him, and makes Men like him, who is a proud Spirit, and envious, a Lier, and Slanderer, Iohn 8.44. and who observes Mens Faults, not to amend them, but accuse them for them.

Marginal references: Or, natural.

16 For where envy and strife is , there is confusion , and every evil work .

The usual Companions of this devilish Wisdom.

Or, Inconsistency, viz. both with Man's self, and others; Envy makes him unquiet in himself, and troublesome to others, by causing Contentions and Seditions among them, and breaking their Peace, as well as his own.

All manner of Wickedness is ushered in by this Confusion and Sedition.

Marginal references: 1 Cor. 3.3. Gal. 5.20.; Gr. Tumult, or [illegible: 2 letters]quietness.

17 But the wisdom that is from above , is first pure , then peaceable , gentle , and easie to be entreated , full of mercy , and good fruits , without partiality , and without hypocrisie .

True Wisdom, which is of God, opposed to that which descendeth not from above, v. 15.

Either excluding mixture, and then it is opposed to hypocritical, or rather excluding Filthiness, and then it is opposed to sensual, v. 15. and implies Freedom from the Defilement of Sin and Error, it being the property of true Wisdom to make Men adhere both to Truth and Holiness.

Disposeth Men to peace, both as to the making and keeping it, in opposition to Strife and Contention, which is a Fruit of the earthly Wisdom. Peaceableness, which relates to Man, is set after Purity, which respect[illegible: 1 letter] God in the first place, to intimate, that Purity must have the [illegible: 1 letter]reference to Peace. Our Peace with Men must always be with a Salvo to our Respects to God, and Holiness.

Or, equal, or moderate, Phil. 4.5. 1. Tim. 3.3. Tit. 3.2. It implies, that Gentleness (as we translate it) whereby we bear with others Infirmities, forgive Injuries, interpret all things for the best, recede from our own right for Peace-sake, and is opposed to that Austerity and Rigidness in our Practices, and Censures, which will bear with nothing in weak, dissenting, or offending Brethren.

Easily perswadable. True Wisdom makes Men yield to good Admonitions, good Counsel, good Reason. This is opposed to Implacableness, Rom. 1.31. Pride and Obstinacy in evil, Prov. 12.1. and 13.1.

A Grace whereby we pity others that are afflicted, or that offend, and is opposed to Inhumanity, and Inexorableness.

Beneficence, Liberality, and all other Offices of Humanity, which proceed from Mercy.

Or, without judging, i. e. either a curious inquiring into the Faults of others, to find matter for Censures, which many times infers Wrangling, as our Margin renders it; or a discerning between Person and Person, upon carnal Accounts; which is P[illegible: 2 letters]ti[illegible: 2 letters]ity, as it is here translated, and ch. 2.4.

Or, Counter[illegible: 1 letter]eiting, as they do that judge others, being guilty of the same things, or as bad themselves; or Hypocrisy may be here added, to shew that Sincerity is the Perfection of all the rest before named; Purity, Peace, and Gentleness, &c. may be counterfe[illegible: 1 letter]e; Hypocrisy spoils all, and therefore the Wisdom that is from above, is sincere, and without Hypocrisy.

Marginal references: 1 Cor. 2.6, 7.; Or, without wrangling.

18 And the fruit of righteousness is sown in peace of them that make peace .

Either the Fruit we bring forth, which is Righteousness itself, Luke 3.8, 9. Rom. 6.22. Phil. 1.11. or the Fruit we reap, which is the Reward of Righteousness, viz. eternal Life.

Metonymically here put for the heavenly Wisdom, before described, whereof it is the inseparable Companion, or the Effect, Iob 28.28.

Either Righteousness, as the good Fruit, is wrought or exercised, Hos. 10.12. (as Wickedness is said to be sown when it is acted, Iob 4.8.) or it relates to the Reward, which is the Fruit, of which Righteousness is the Seed, Psalm 97.11. and then it implies, either the sureness of that Reward, that it is as certain as Harvest after Seed-time, or the non-enjoyment of it▪ for the present; as they that sow their Seed, receive [illegible: 1 letter]ot the Crop till long after.

Either in a mild, peaceable, amicable way, or in Peace, is as much as with Peace, viz. spiritual Peace and Comfort of Conscience.

That follow after, and are studious of Peace; and so the Words may have a two-fold sense, either▪ 1. [illegible: 1 letter]he meaning is, That they that exercise Righteousness must do it in a sweet and peaceable way; in particular, Men may reprehend others, so they do it with Moderation and Gentleness, not as Executioners, to torment them, but as Physicians, to Heal them. As on the other side, they that are most peaceably disposed, yet must not make Peace, without sowing Righteousness with it, which includes just Reprehension whereby Righteousness is promoted: Or, 2ly▪ that they who sow Righteousness in Peace, i. e. joyn Righteousness with their Endeavours after Peace, shall reap the Reward, not only in Comfort here, but in Glory hereafter.