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Westminster Confession, Chapter 5

Of Providence

God, the great Creator of all things, doth uphold, direct, dispose, and govern all creatures, actions, and things, from the greatest even to the least, by his most wise and holy providence, according to his infallible fore-knowledge and the free and immutable counsel of his own will, to the praise of the glory of his wisdom, power, justice, goodness, and mercy.

Scripture references for paragraph 1

Berean Standard Bible. Public domain text and source credits.

Hebrews 1:3

3The Son is the radiance of God’s glory and the exact representation of His nature, upholding all things by His powerful word. After He had provided purification for sins, He sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high.

Matthew 10:29-31

29Are not two sparrows sold for a penny? Yet not one of them will fall to the ground apart from the will of your Father.

30And even the very hairs of your head are all numbered.

31So do not be afraid; you are worth more than many sparrows.

Psalms 135:6

6The LORD does all that pleases Him in the heavens and on the earth, in the seas and in all their depths.

Daniel 4:34-35

34But at the end of those days I, Nebuchadnezzar, looked up to heaven, and my sanity was restored to me. Then I praised the Most High, and I honored and glorified Him who lives forever: “For His dominion is an everlasting dominion, and His kingdom endures from generation to generation.

35All the peoples of the earth are counted as nothing, and He does as He pleases with the army of heaven and the peoples of the earth. There is no one who can restrain His hand or say to Him, ‘What have You done?’”

Acts 17:25-26

25Nor is He served by human hands, as if He needed anything, because He Himself gives everyone life and breath and everything else.

26From one man He made every nation of men, that they should inhabit the whole earth; and He determined their appointed times and the boundaries of their lands.

Acts 17:28

28‘For in Him we live and move and have our being.’ As some of your own poets have said, ‘We are His offspring.’

Job 38:1 to 41:34

1Then the LORD answered Job out of the whirlwind and said:

2“Who is this who obscures My counsel by words without knowledge?

3Now brace yourself like a man; I will question you, and you shall inform Me.

4Where were you when I laid the foundations of the earth? Tell Me, if you have understanding.

5Who fixed its measurements? Surely you know! Or who stretched a measuring line across it?

6On what were its foundations set, or who laid its cornerstone,

7while the morning stars sang together and all the sons of God shouted for joy?

8Who enclosed the sea behind doors when it burst forth from the womb,

9when I made the clouds its garment and thick darkness its blanket,

10when I fixed its boundaries and set in place its bars and doors,

11and I declared: ‘You may come this far, but no farther; here your proud waves must stop’?

12In your days, have you commanded the morning or assigned the dawn its place,

13that it might spread to the ends of the earth and shake the wicked out of it?

14The earth takes shape like clay under a seal; its hills stand out like the folds of a garment.

15Light is withheld from the wicked, and their upraised arm is broken.

16Have you journeyed to the vents of the sea or walked in the trenches of the deep?

17Have the gates of death been revealed to you? Have you seen the gates of the shadow of death?

18Have you surveyed the extent of the earth? Tell Me, if you know all this.

19Where is the way to the home of light? Do you know where darkness resides,

20so you can lead it back to its border? Do you know the paths to its home?

21Surely you know, for you were already born! And the number of your days is great!

22Have you entered the storehouses of snow or observed the storehouses of hail,

23which I hold in reserve for times of trouble, for the day of war and battle?

24In which direction is the lightning dispersed, or the east wind scattered over the earth?

25Who cuts a channel for the flood or clears a path for the thunderbolt,

26to bring rain on a barren land, on a desert where no man lives,

27to satisfy the parched wasteland and make it sprout with tender grass?

28Does the rain have a father? Who has begotten the drops of dew?

29From whose womb does the ice emerge? Who gives birth to the frost from heaven,

30when the waters become hard as stone and the surface of the deep is frozen?

31Can you bind the chains of the Pleiades or loosen the belt of Orion?

32Can you bring forth the constellations in their seasons or lead out the Bear and her cubs?

33Do you know the laws of the heavens? Can you set their dominion over the earth?

34Can you command the clouds so that a flood of water covers you?

35Can you send the lightning bolts on their way? Do they report to you, ‘Here we are’?

36Who has put wisdom in the heart or given understanding to the mind?

37Who has the wisdom to count the clouds? Or who can tilt the water jars of the heavens

38when the dust hardens into a mass and the clods of earth stick together?

39Can you hunt the prey for a lioness or satisfy the hunger of young lions

40when they crouch in their dens and lie in wait in the thicket?

41Who provides food for the raven when its young cry out to God as they wander about for lack of food?

1“Do you know when mountain goats give birth? Have you watched the doe bear her fawn?

2Can you count the months they are pregnant? Do you know the time they give birth?

3They crouch down and bring forth their young; they deliver their newborn.

4Their young ones thrive and grow up in the open field; they leave and do not return.

5Who set the wild donkey free? Who released the swift donkey from the harness?

6I made the wilderness his home and the salt flats his dwelling.

7He scorns the tumult of the city and never hears the shouts of a driver.

8He roams the mountains for pasture, searching for any green thing.

9Will the wild ox consent to serve you? Will he stay by your manger at night?

10Can you hold him to the furrow with a harness? Will he plow the valleys behind you?

11Can you rely on his great strength? Will you leave your hard work to him?

12Can you trust him to bring in your grain and gather it to your threshing floor?

13The wings of the ostrich flap joyfully, but cannot match the pinions and feathers of the stork.

14For she leaves her eggs on the ground and lets them warm in the sand.

15She forgets that a foot may crush them, or a wild animal may trample them.

16She treats her young harshly, as if not her own, with no concern that her labor was in vain.

17For God has deprived her of wisdom; He has not endowed her with understanding.

18Yet when she proudly spreads her wings, she laughs at the horse and its rider.

19Do you give strength to the horse or adorn his neck with a mane?

20Do you make him leap like a locust, striking terror with his proud snorting?

21He paws in the valley and rejoices in his strength; he charges into battle.

22He laughs at fear, frightened of nothing; he does not turn back from the sword.

23A quiver rattles at his side, along with a flashing spear and lance.

24Trembling with excitement, he devours the distance; he cannot stand still when the ram’s horn sounds.

25At the blast of the horn, he snorts with fervor. He catches the scent of battle from afar— the shouts of captains and the cry of war.

26Does the hawk take flight by your understanding and spread his wings toward the south?

27Does the eagle soar at your command and make his nest on high?

28He dwells on a cliff and lodges there; his stronghold is on a rocky crag.

29From there he spies out food; his eyes see it from afar.

30His young ones feast on blood; and where the slain are, there he is.”

1And the LORD said to Job:

2“Will the faultfinder contend with the Almighty? Let him who argues with God give an answer.”

3Then Job answered the LORD:

4“Behold, I am insignificant. How can I reply to You? I place my hand over my mouth.

5I have spoken once, but I have no answer— twice, but I have nothing to add.”

6Then the LORD answered Job out of the whirlwind and said:

7“Now brace yourself like a man; I will question you, and you shall inform Me.

8Would you really annul My justice? Would you condemn Me to justify yourself?

9Do you have an arm like God’s? Can you thunder with a voice like His?

10Then adorn yourself with majesty and splendor, and clothe yourself with honor and glory.

11Unleash the fury of your wrath; look on every proud man and bring him low.

12Look on every proud man and humble him; trample the wicked where they stand.

13Bury them together in the dust; imprison them in the grave.

14Then I will confess to you that your own right hand can save you.

15Look at Behemoth, which I made along with you. He feeds on grass like an ox.

16See the strength of his loins and the power in the muscles of his belly.

17His tail sways like a cedar; the sinews of his thighs are tightly knit.

18His bones are tubes of bronze; his limbs are rods of iron.

19He is the foremost of God’s works; only his Maker can draw the sword against him.

20The hills yield him their produce, while all the beasts of the field play nearby.

21He lies under the lotus plants, hidden among the reeds of the marsh.

22The lotus plants conceal him in their shade; the willows of the brook surround him.

23Though the river rages, Behemoth is unafraid; he remains secure, though the Jordan surges to his mouth.

24Can anyone capture him as he looks on, or pierce his nose with a snare?

1“Can you pull in Leviathan with a hook or tie down his tongue with a rope?

2Can you put a cord through his nose or pierce his jaw with a hook?

3Will he beg you for mercy or speak to you softly?

4Will he make a covenant with you to take him as a slave for life?

5Can you pet him like a bird or put him on a leash for your maidens?

6Will traders barter for him or divide him among the merchants?

7Can you fill his hide with harpoons or his head with fishing spears?

8If you lay a hand on him, you will remember the battle and never repeat it!

9Surely hope of overcoming him is false. Is not the sight of him overwhelming?

10No one is so fierce as to rouse Leviathan. Then who is able to stand against Me?

11Who has given to Me that I should repay him? Everything under heaven is Mine.

12I cannot keep silent about his limbs, his power and graceful form.

13Who can strip off his outer coat? Who can approach him with a bridle?

14Who can open his jaws, ringed by his fearsome teeth?

15His rows of scales are his pride, tightly sealed together.

16One scale is so near to another that no air can pass between them.

17They are joined to one another; they clasp and cannot be separated.

18His snorting flashes with light, and his eyes are like the rays of dawn.

19Firebrands stream from his mouth; fiery sparks shoot forth!

20Smoke billows from his nostrils as from a boiling pot over burning reeds.

21His breath sets coals ablaze, and flames pour from his mouth.

22Strength resides in his neck, and dismay leaps before him.

23The folds of his flesh are tightly joined; they are firm and immovable.

24His chest is as hard as a rock, as hard as a lower millstone!

25When Leviathan rises up, the mighty are terrified; they withdraw before his thrashing.

26The sword that reaches him has no effect, nor does the spear or dart or arrow.

27He regards iron as straw and bronze as rotten wood.

28No arrow can make him flee; slingstones become like chaff to him.

29A club is regarded as straw, and he laughs at the sound of the lance.

30His undersides are jagged potsherds, spreading out the mud like a threshing sledge.

31He makes the depths seethe like a cauldron; he makes the sea like a jar of ointment.

32He leaves a glistening wake behind him; one would think the deep had white hair!

33Nothing on earth is his equal— a creature devoid of fear!

34He looks down on all the haughty; he is king over all the proud.”

Psalms 94:8-11

8Take notice, O senseless among the people! O fools, when will you be wise?

9He who affixed the ear, can He not hear? He who formed the eye, can He not see?

10He who admonishes the nations, does He not discipline? He who teaches man, does He lack knowledge?

11The LORD knows the thoughts of man, that they are futile.

Acts 15:18

18that have been known for ages.’

Psalms 104:24

24How many are Your works, O LORD! In wisdom You have made them all; the earth is full of Your creatures.

Psalms 145:17

17The LORD is righteous in all His ways and kind in all His deeds.

Proverbs 15:3

3The eyes of the LORD are in every place, observing the evil and the good.

Genesis 45:7

7God sent me before you to preserve you as a remnant on the earth and to save your lives by a great deliverance.

Psalms 145:7

7They will extol the fame of Your abundant goodness and sing joyfully of Your righteousness.

Isaiah 63:14

14Like cattle going down to the valley, the Spirit of the LORD gave them rest. You led Your people this way to make for Yourself a glorious name.

Romans 9:17

17For the Scripture says to Pharaoh: “I raised you up for this very purpose, that I might display My power in you, and that My name might be proclaimed in all the earth.”

Ephesians 3:10

10His purpose was that now, through the church, the manifold wisdom of God should be made known to the rulers and authorities in the heavenly realms,

Psalms 33:10-11

10The LORD frustrates the plans of the nations; He thwarts the devices of the peoples.

11The counsel of the LORD stands forever, the purposes of His heart to all generations.

Ephesians 1:11

11In Him we were also chosen as God’s own, having been predestined according to the plan of Him who works out everything by the counsel of His will,

Although in relation to the foreknowledge and decree of God, the first cause, all things come to pass immutably and infallibly, yet by the same providence he ordereth them to fall out, according to the nature of second causes, either necessarily, freely, or contingently.

Scripture references for paragraph 2

Berean Standard Bible. Public domain text and source credits.

Acts 2:23

23He was delivered up by God’s set plan and foreknowledge, and you, by the hands of the lawless, put Him to death by nailing Him to the cross.

Genesis 8:22

22As long as the earth endures, seedtime and harvest, cold and heat, summer and winter, day and night shall never cease.”

Exodus 21:13

13If, however, he did not lie in wait, but God allowed it to happen, then I will appoint for you a place where he may flee.

Deuteronomy 19:5

5If he goes into the forest with his neighbor to cut timber and swings his axe to chop down a tree, but the blade flies off the handle and strikes and kills his neighbor, he may flee to one of these cities to save his life.

1 Kings 22:28

28But Micaiah replied, “If you ever return safely, the LORD has not spoken through me.” Then he added, “Take heed, all you people!”

1 Kings 22:34

34However, a certain man drew his bow without taking special aim, and he struck the king of Israel between the joints of his armor. So the king said to his charioteer, “Turn around and take me out of the battle, for I am badly wounded!”

Isaiah 10:6-7

6I will send him against a godless nation; I will dispatch him against a people destined for My rage, to take spoils and seize plunder, and to trample them down like clay in the streets.

7But this is not his intention; this is not his plan. For it is in his heart to destroy and cut off many nations.

Jeremiah 31:35

35Thus says the LORD, who gives the sun for light by day, who sets in order the moon and stars for light by night, who stirs up the sea so that its waves roar—the LORD of Hosts is His name:

God, in his ordinary providence, maketh use of means, yet is free to work without, above, and against them, at his pleasure.

Scripture references for paragraph 3

Berean Standard Bible. Public domain text and source credits.

Isaiah 55:10-11

10For just as rain and snow fall from heaven and do not return without watering the earth, making it bud and sprout, and providing seed to sow and food to eat,

11so My word that proceeds from My mouth will not return to Me empty, but it will accomplish what I please, and it will prosper where I send it.

Hosea 2:21-22

21“On that day I will respond—” declares the LORD— “I will respond to the heavens, and they will respond to the earth.

22And the earth will respond to the grain, to the new wine and oil, and they will respond to Jezreel.

Acts 27:31

31But Paul said to the centurion and the soldiers, “Unless these men remain with the ship, you cannot be saved.”

Acts 27:44

44The rest were to follow on planks and various parts of the ship. In this way everyone was brought safely to land.

Romans 4:19-21

19Without weakening in his faith, he acknowledged the decrepitness of his body (since he was about a hundred years old) and the lifelessness of Sarah’s womb.

20Yet he did not waver through disbelief in the promise of God, but was strengthened in his faith and gave glory to God,

21being fully persuaded that God was able to do what He had promised.

Job 34:10

10Therefore listen to me, O men of understanding. Far be it from God to do wrong, and from the Almighty to act unjustly.

Hosea 1:7

7Yet I will have compassion on the house of Judah, and I will save them—not by bow or sword or war, not by horses and cavalry, but by the LORD their God.”

Matthew 4:4

4But Jesus answered, “It is written: ‘Man shall not live on bread alone, but on every word that comes from the mouth of God.’”

2 Kings 6:6

6“Where did it fall?” asked the man of God. And when he showed him the place, the man of God cut a stick, threw it there, and made the iron float.

Daniel 3:27

27and when the satraps, prefects, governors, and royal advisers had gathered around, they saw that the fire had no effect on the bodies of these men. Not a hair of their heads was singed, their robes were unaffected, and there was no smell of fire on them.

The almighty power, unsearchable wisdom, and infinite goodness of God so far manifest themselves in his providence that it extendeth itself even to the first fall, and all other sins of angels and men, and that not by a bare permission, but such as hath joined with it a most wise and powerful bounding, and otherwise ordering and governing of them, in a manifold dispensation, to his own holy ends; yet so as the sinfulness thereof proceedeth only from the creature, and not from God; who, being most holy and righteous, neither is nor can be the author or approver of sin.

Scripture references for paragraph 4

Berean Standard Bible. Public domain text and source credits.

2 Samuel 16:10

10But the king replied, “What have I to do with you, O sons of Zeruiah? If he curses me because the LORD told him, ‘Curse David,’ who can ask, ‘Why did you do this?’”

2 Samuel 24:1

1Again the anger of the LORD burned against Israel, and He stirred up David against them, saying, “Go and take a census of Israel and Judah.”

1 Chronicles 21:1

1Then Satan rose up against Israel and incited David to take a census of Israel.

1 Kings 22:22-23

22And he replied, ‘I will go out and be a lying spirit in the mouths of all his prophets.’ ‘You will surely entice him and prevail,’ said the LORD. ‘Go and do it.’

23So you see, the LORD has put a lying spirit in the mouths of all these prophets of yours, and the LORD has pronounced disaster against you.”

1 Chronicles 10:4

4Then Saul said to his armor-bearer, “Draw your sword and run it through me, or these uncircumcised men will come and torture me!” But his armor-bearer was terrified and refused to do it. So Saul took his own sword and fell on it.

1 Chronicles 10:13-14

13So Saul died for his unfaithfulness to the LORD, because he did not keep the word of the LORD and even consulted a medium for guidance,

14and he failed to inquire of the LORD. So the LORD put him to death and turned the kingdom over to David son of Jesse.

Acts 2:23

23He was delivered up by God’s set plan and foreknowledge, and you, by the hands of the lawless, put Him to death by nailing Him to the cross.

Acts 4:27-28

27In fact, this is the very city where Herod and Pontius Pilate conspired with the Gentiles and the people of Israel against Your holy servant Jesus, whom You anointed.

28They carried out what Your hand and will had decided beforehand would happen.

Romans 11:32-34

32For God has consigned everyone to disobedience so that He may have mercy on everyone.

33O, the depth of the riches of the wisdom and knowledge of God! How unsearchable are His judgments, and untraceable His ways!

34“Who has known the mind of the Lord? Or who has been His counselor?”

2 Kings 19:28

28Because your rage and arrogance against Me have reached My ears, I will put My hook in your nose and My bit in your mouth; I will send you back the way you came.’

Psalms 76:10

10Even the wrath of man shall praise You; with the survivors of wrath You will clothe Yourself.

Acts 14:16

16In past generations, He let all nations go their own way.

Psalms 50:21

21You have done these things, and I kept silent; you thought I was just like you. But now I rebuke you and accuse you to your face.

James 1:13-14

13When tempted, no one should say, “God is tempting me.” For God cannot be tempted by evil, nor does He tempt anyone.

14But each one is tempted when by his own evil desires he is lured away and enticed.

James 1:17

17Every good and perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of the heavenly lights, with whom there is no change or shifting shadow.

1 John 2:16

16For all that is in the world—the desires of the flesh, the desires of the eyes, and the pride of life—is not from the Father but from the world.

Genesis 50:20

20As for you, what you intended against me for evil, God intended for good, in order to accomplish a day like this—to preserve the lives of many people.

Isaiah 10:6-7

6I will send him against a godless nation; I will dispatch him against a people destined for My rage, to take spoils and seize plunder, and to trample them down like clay in the streets.

7But this is not his intention; this is not his plan. For it is in his heart to destroy and cut off many nations.

Isaiah 10:12

12So when the Lord has completed all His work against Mount Zion and Jerusalem, He will say, “I will punish the king of Assyria for the fruit of his arrogant heart and the proud look in his eyes.

The most wise, righteous, and gracious God doth oftentimes leave for a season his own children to manifold temptations and the corruption of their own hearts, to chastise them for their former sins, or to discover unto them the hidden strength of corruption and deceitfulness of their hearts, that they be humbled; and to raise them to a more close and constant dependence for their support unto himself, and to make them more watchful against all future occasions of sin, and for sundry other just and holy ends.

Scripture references for paragraph 5

Berean Standard Bible. Public domain text and source credits.

2 Samuel 24:1

1Again the anger of the LORD burned against Israel, and He stirred up David against them, saying, “Go and take a census of Israel and Judah.”

2 Chronicles 32:25-26

25But because his heart was proud, Hezekiah did not repay the favor shown to him. Therefore wrath came upon him and upon Judah and Jerusalem.

26Then Hezekiah humbled the pride of his heart—he and the people of Jerusalem—so that the wrath of the LORD did not come upon them during the days of Hezekiah.

2 Chronicles 32:31

31And so when ambassadors of the rulers of Babylon were sent to him to inquire about the wonder that had happened in the land, God left him alone to test him, that He might know all that was in Hezekiah’s heart.

Psalms 73:1-28

1Surely God is good to Israel, to those who are pure in heart.

2But as for me, my feet had almost stumbled; my steps had nearly slipped.

3For I envied the arrogant when I saw the prosperity of the wicked.

4They have no struggle in their death; their bodies are well-fed.

5They are free of the burdens others carry; they are not afflicted like other men.

6Therefore pride is their necklace; a garment of violence covers them.

7From their prosperity proceeds iniquity; the imaginations of their hearts run wild.

8They mock and speak with malice; with arrogance they threaten oppression.

9They set their mouths against the heavens, and their tongues strut across the earth.

10So their people return to this place and drink up waters in abundance.

11The wicked say, “How can God know? Does the Most High have knowledge?”

12Behold, these are the wicked— always carefree as they increase their wealth.

13Surely in vain I have kept my heart pure; in innocence I have washed my hands.

14For I am afflicted all day long and punished every morning.

15If I had said, “I will speak this way,” then I would have betrayed Your children.

16When I tried to understand all this, it was troublesome in my sight

17until I entered God’s sanctuary; then I discerned their end.

18Surely You set them on slick ground; You cast them down into ruin.

19How suddenly they are laid waste, completely swept away by terrors!

20Like one waking from a dream, so You, O Lord, awaken and despise their form.

21When my heart was grieved and I was pierced within,

22I was senseless and ignorant; I was a brute beast before You.

23Yet I am always with You; You hold my right hand.

24You guide me with Your counsel, and later receive me in glory.

25Whom have I in heaven but You? And on earth I desire no one besides You.

26My flesh and my heart may fail, but God is the strength of my heart and my portion forever.

27Those far from You will surely perish; You destroy all who are unfaithful to You.

28But as for me, it is good to draw near to God. I have made the Lord GOD my refuge, that I may proclaim all Your works.

Psalms 77:1-10

1I cried out to God; I cried aloud to God to hear me.

2In the day of trouble I sought the Lord; through the night my outstretched hands did not grow weary; my soul refused to be comforted.

3I remembered You, O God, and I groaned; I mused and my spirit grew faint. Selah

4You have kept my eyes from closing; I am too troubled to speak.

5I considered the days of old, the years long in the past.

6At night I remembered my song; in my heart I mused, and my spirit pondered:

7“Will the Lord spurn us forever and never show His favor again?

8Is His loving devotion gone forever? Has His promise failed for all time?

9Has God forgotten to be gracious? Has His anger shut off His compassion?” Selah

10So I said, “I am grieved that the right hand of the Most High has changed.”

Psalms 77:12

12I will reflect on all You have done and ponder Your mighty deeds.

Mark 14:66-72

66While Peter was in the courtyard below, one of the servant girls of the high priest came down

67and saw him warming himself there. She looked at Peter and said, “You also were with Jesus the Nazarene.”

68But he denied it. “I do not know or even understand what you are talking about,” he said. Then he went out to the gateway, and the rooster crowed.

69There the servant girl saw him and again said to those standing nearby, “This man is one of them.”

70But he denied it again. After a little while, those standing nearby said once more to Peter, “Surely you are one of them, for you too are a Galilean.”

71But he began to curse and swear, “I do not know this man of whom you speak!”

72And immediately the rooster crowed a second time. Then Peter remembered the word that Jesus had spoken to him: “Before the rooster crows twice, you will deny Me three times.” And he broke down and wept.

John 21:15-17

15When they had finished eating, Jesus asked Simon Peter, “Simon son of John, do you love Me more than these?” “Yes, Lord,” he answered, “You know I love You.” Jesus replied, “Feed My lambs.”

16Jesus asked a second time, “Simon son of John, do you love Me?” “Yes, Lord,” he answered, “You know I love You.” Jesus told him, “Shepherd My sheep.”

17Jesus asked a third time, “Simon son of John, do you love Me?” Peter was deeply hurt that Jesus had asked him a third time, “Do you love Me?” “Lord, You know all things,” he replied. “You know I love You.” Jesus said to him, “Feed My sheep.

2 Corinthians 12:7-9

7or because of these surpassingly great revelations. So to keep me from becoming conceited, I was given a thorn in my flesh, a messenger of Satan, to torment me.

8Three times I pleaded with the Lord to take it away from me.

9But He said to me, “My grace is sufficient for you, for My power is perfected in weakness.” Therefore I will boast all the more gladly in my weaknesses, so that the power of Christ may rest on me.

As for those wicked and ungodly men whom God, as a righteous judge, for former sins, doth blind and harden, from them he not only withholdeth his grace, whereby they might have been enlightened in their understandings and wrought upon in their hearts, but sometimes also withdraweth the gifts which they had, and exposeth them to such objects as their corruption makes occasion of sin; and withal, gives them over to their own lusts, the temptations of the world, and the power of Satan; whereby it comes to pass that they harden themselves, even under those means which God useth for the softening of others.

Scripture references for paragraph 6

Berean Standard Bible. Public domain text and source credits.

Romans 1:24

24Therefore God gave them over in the desires of their hearts to impurity for the dishonoring of their bodies with one another.

Romans 1:26

26For this reason God gave them over to dishonorable passions. Even their women exchanged natural relations for unnatural ones.

Romans 1:28

28Furthermore, since they did not see fit to acknowledge God, He gave them up to a depraved mind, to do what ought not to be done.

Romans 11:7-8

7What then? What Israel was seeking, it failed to obtain, but the elect did. The others were hardened,

8as it is written: “God gave them a spirit of stupor, eyes that could not see, and ears that could not hear, to this very day.”

Matthew 13:12

12Whoever has will be given more, and he will have an abundance. Whoever does not have, even what he has will be taken away from him.

Matthew 25:29

29For everyone who has will be given more, and he will have an abundance. But the one who does not have, even what he has will be taken away from him.

Deuteronomy 29:4

4Yet to this day the LORD has not given you a mind to understand, eyes to see, or ears to hear.

Psalms 81:11-12

11But My people would not listen to Me, and Israel would not obey Me.

12So I gave them up to their stubborn hearts to follow their own devices.

2 Thessalonians 2:10-12

10and with every wicked deception directed against those who are perishing, because they refused the love of the truth that would have saved them.

11For this reason God will send them a powerful delusion so that they believe the lie,

12in order that judgment may come upon all who have disbelieved the truth and delighted in wickedness.

Deuteronomy 2:30

30But Sihon king of Heshbon would not let us pass through, for the LORD your God had made his spirit stubborn and his heart obstinate, that He might deliver him into your hand, as is the case this day.

2 Kings 8:12-13

12“Why is my lord weeping?” asked Hazael. “Because I know the evil you will do to the Israelites,” Elisha replied. “You will set fire to their fortresses, kill their young men with the sword, dash their little ones to pieces, and rip open their pregnant women.”

13“But how could your servant, a mere dog, do such a monstrous thing?” said Hazael. And Elisha answered, “The LORD has shown me that you will be king over Aram.”

Exodus 7:3

3But I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, and though I will multiply My signs and wonders in the land of Egypt,

Exodus 8:15

15When Pharaoh saw that there was relief, however, he hardened his heart and would not listen to Moses and Aaron, just as the LORD had said.

Exodus 8:32

32But Pharaoh hardened his heart this time as well, and he would not let the people go.

Isaiah 6:9-10

9And He replied: “Go and tell this people, ‘Be ever hearing, but never understanding; be ever seeing, but never perceiving.’

10Make the hearts of this people calloused; deafen their ears and close their eyes. Otherwise they might see with their eyes, hear with their ears, understand with their hearts, and turn and be healed.”

Acts 28:26-27

26‘Go to this people and say, “You will be ever hearing but never understanding; you will be ever seeing but never perceiving.”

27For this people’s heart has grown callous; they hardly hear with their ears, and they have closed their eyes. Otherwise they might see with their eyes, hear with their ears, understand with their hearts, and turn, and I would heal them.’

Isaiah 8:14

14And He will be a sanctuary— but to both houses of Israel a stone of stumbling and a rock of offense, to the dwellers of Jerusalem a trap and a snare.

2 Corinthians 2:15-16

15For we are to God the sweet aroma of Christ among those who are being saved and those who are perishing.

16To the one, we are an odor of death and demise; to the other, a fragrance that brings life. And who is qualified for such a task?

1 Peter 2:7-8

7To you who believe, then, this stone is precious. But to those who do not believe, “The stone the builders rejected has become the cornerstone,”

8and, “A stone of stumbling and a rock of offense.” They stumble because they disobey the word—and to this they were appointed.

As the providence of God doth, in general, reach to all creatures, so, after a most special manner, it taketh care of his Church, and disposeth all things to the good thereof.

Scripture references for paragraph 7

Berean Standard Bible. Public domain text and source credits.

Isaiah 43:3-5

3For I am the LORD your God, the Holy One of Israel, your Savior; I give Egypt for your ransom, Cush and Seba in your place.

4Because you are precious and honored in My sight, and because I love you, I will give men in exchange for you and nations in place of your life.

5Do not be afraid, for I am with you; I will bring your offspring from the east and gather you from the west.

Isaiah 43:14

14Thus says the LORD your Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel: “For your sake, I will send to Babylon and bring them all as fugitives, even the Chaldeans, in the ships in which they rejoice.

Amos 9:8-9

8Surely the eyes of the Lord GOD are on the sinful kingdom, and I will destroy it from the face of the earth. Yet I will not utterly destroy the house of Jacob,” declares the LORD.

9“For surely I will give the command, and I will shake the house of Israel among all the nations as grain is sifted in a sieve; but not a pebble will reach the ground.

Romans 8:28

28And we know that God works all things together for the good of those who love Him, who are called according to His purpose.

1 Timothy 4:10

10To this end we labor and strive, because we have set our hope on the living God, who is the Savior of everyone, and especially of those who believe.

Source and edition

Westminster Confession. NonlinearFruit/Creeds.json, Unlicense. Creeds.json, English transcription

Unlicense. Source transcription.

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