Westminster Confession, Chapter 19
Of the Law of God
God gave to Adam a law, as a covenant of works, by which he bound him and all his posterity to personal, entire, exact, and perpetual obedience; promised life upon the fulfilling, and threatened death upon the breach of it; and endued him with power and ability to keep it.
Scripture references for paragraph 1
Berean Standard Bible. Public domain text and source credits.
Genesis 1:26-2726Then God said, “Let Us make man in Our image, after Our likeness, to rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the livestock, and over all the earth itself and every creature that crawls upon it.”
27So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them.
Genesis 2:1717but you must not eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil; for in the day that you eat of it, you will surely die.”
Job 28:2828And He said to man, ‘Behold, the fear of the Lord, that is wisdom, and to turn away from evil is understanding.’”
Ecclesiastes 7:2929Only this have I found: I have discovered that God made men upright, but they have sought out many schemes.”
Romans 2:14-1514Indeed, when Gentiles, who do not have the law, do by nature what the law requires, they are a law to themselves, even though they do not have the law.
15So they show that the work of the law is written on their hearts, their consciences also bearing witness, and their thoughts either accusing or defending them
Romans 5:1212Therefore, just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, so also death was passed on to all men, because all sinned.
Romans 5:1919For just as through the disobedience of the one man the many were made sinners, so also through the obedience of the one man the many will be made righteous.
Romans 10:55For concerning the righteousness that is by the law, Moses writes: “The man who does these things will live by them.”
Galatians 3:1010All who rely on works of the law are under a curse. For it is written: “Cursed is everyone who does not continue to do everything written in the Book of the Law.”
Galatians 3:1212The law, however, is not based on faith; on the contrary, “The man who does these things will live by them.”
This law, after his fall, continued to be a perfect rule of righteousness; and, as such, was delivered by God upon mount Sinai in ten commandments, and written in two tables; the first four commandments containing our duty towards God, and the other six our duty to man.
Scripture references for paragraph 2
Berean Standard Bible. Public domain text and source credits.
Exodus 34:11Then the LORD said to Moses, “Chisel out two stone tablets like the originals, and I will write on them the words that were on the first tablets, which you broke.
Deuteronomy 5:3232So be careful to do as the LORD your God has commanded you; you are not to turn aside to the right or to the left.
Deuteronomy 10:44And the LORD wrote on the tablets what had been written previously, the Ten Commandments that He had spoken to you on the mountain out of the fire on the day of the assembly. The LORD gave them to me,
Romans 13:8-98Be indebted to no one, except to one another in love. For he who loves his neighbor has fulfilled the law.
9The commandments “Do not commit adultery,” “Do not murder,” “Do not steal,” “Do not covet,” and any other commandments, are summed up in this one decree: “Love your neighbor as yourself.”
James 1:2525But the one who looks intently into the perfect law of freedom, and continues to do so—not being a forgetful hearer, but an effective doer—he will be blessed in what he does.
James 2:88If you really fulfill the royal law stated in Scripture, “Love your neighbor as yourself,” you are doing well.
James 2:10-1210Whoever keeps the whole law but stumbles at just one point is guilty of breaking all of it.
11For He who said, “Do not commit adultery,” also said, “Do not murder.” If you do not commit adultery, but do commit murder, you have become a lawbreaker.
12Speak and act as those who are going to be judged by the law that gives freedom.
Matthew 22:37-4037Jesus declared, “‘Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind.’
38This is the first and greatest commandment.
39And the second is like it: ‘Love your neighbor as yourself.’
40All the Law and the Prophets hang on these two commandments.”
Beside this law, commonly called moral, God was pleased to give to the people of Israel, as a Church under age, ceremonial laws, containing several typical ordinances, partly of worship, prefiguring Christ, his graces, actions, sufferings, and benefits; and partly holding forth divers instructions of moral duties. All which ceremonial laws are now abrogated under the New Testament.
Scripture references for paragraph 3
Berean Standard Bible. Public domain text and source credits.
Galatians 4:1-31What I am saying is that as long as the heir is a child, he is no different from a slave, although he is the owner of everything.
2He is subject to guardians and trustees until the date set by his father.
3So also, when we were children, we were enslaved under the basic principles of the world.
Colossians 2:1717These are a shadow of the things to come, but the body that casts it belongs to Christ.
Hebrews 9:1-281Now the first covenant had regulations for worship and also an earthly sanctuary.
2A tabernacle was prepared. In its first room were the lampstand, the table, and the consecrated bread. This was called the Holy Place.
3Behind the second curtain was a room called the Most Holy Place,
4containing the golden altar of incense and the gold-covered ark of the covenant. Inside the ark were the gold jar of manna, Aaron’s staff that had budded, and the stone tablets of the covenant.
5Above the ark were the cherubim of glory, overshadowing the mercy seat. But we cannot discuss these things in detail now.
6When everything had been prepared in this way, the priests entered regularly into the first room to perform their sacred duties.
7But only the high priest entered the second room, and then only once a year, and never without blood, which he offered for himself and for the sins the people had committed in ignorance.
8By this arrangement the Holy Spirit was showing that the way into the Most Holy Place had not yet been disclosed as long as the first tabernacle was still standing.
9It is an illustration for the present time, because the gifts and sacrifices being offered were unable to cleanse the conscience of the worshiper.
10They consist only in food and drink and special washings—external regulations imposed until the time of reform.
11But when Christ came as high priest of the good things that have come, He went through the greater and more perfect tabernacle that is not made by hands and is not a part of this creation.
12He did not enter by the blood of goats and calves, but He entered the Most Holy Place once for all by His own blood, thus securing eternal redemption.
13For if the blood of goats and bulls and the ashes of a heifer sprinkled on those who are ceremonially unclean sanctify them so that their bodies are clean,
14how much more will the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered Himself unblemished to God, purify our consciences from works of death, so that we may serve the living God!
15Therefore Christ is the mediator of a new covenant, so that those who are called may receive the promised eternal inheritance, now that He has died to redeem them from the transgressions committed under the first covenant.
16In the case of a will, it is necessary to establish the death of the one who made it,
17because a will does not take effect until the one who made it has died; it cannot be executed while he is still alive.
18That is why even the first covenant was not put into effect without blood.
19For when Moses had proclaimed every commandment of the law to all the people, he took the blood of calves and goats, along with water, scarlet wool, and hyssop, and sprinkled the scroll and all the people,
20saying, “This is the blood of the covenant, which God has commanded you to keep.”
21In the same way, he sprinkled with blood the tabernacle and all the vessels used in worship.
22According to the law, in fact, nearly everything must be purified with blood, and without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness.
23So it was necessary for the copies of the heavenly things to be purified with these sacrifices, but the heavenly things themselves with better sacrifices than these.
24For Christ did not enter a man-made copy of the true sanctuary, but He entered heaven itself, now to appear on our behalf in the presence of God.
25Nor did He enter heaven to offer Himself again and again, as the high priest enters the Most Holy Place every year with blood that is not his own.
26Otherwise, Christ would have had to suffer repeatedly since the foundation of the world. But now He has appeared once for all at the end of the ages to do away with sin by the sacrifice of Himself.
27Just as man is appointed to die once, and after that to face judgment,
28so also Christ was offered once to bear the sins of many; and He will appear a second time, not to bear sin, but to bring salvation to those who eagerly await Him.
Hebrews 10:11For the law is only a shadow of the good things to come, not the realities themselves. It can never, by the same sacrifices offered year after year, make perfect those who draw near to worship.
Daniel 9:2727And he will confirm a covenant with many for one week, but in the middle of the week he will put an end to sacrifice and offering. And on the wing of the temple will come the abomination that causes desolation, until the decreed destruction is poured out upon him.”
Ephesians 2:15-1615by abolishing in His flesh the law of commandments and decrees. He did this to create in Himself one new man out of the two, thus making peace
16and reconciling both of them to God in one body through the cross, by which He extinguished their hostility.
Colossians 2:1414having canceled the debt ascribed to us in the decrees that stood against us. He took it away, nailing it to the cross!
Colossians 2:16-1716Therefore let no one judge you by what you eat or drink, or with regard to a feast, a New Moon, or a Sabbath.
17These are a shadow of the things to come, but the body that casts it belongs to Christ.
1 Corinthians 5:77Get rid of the old leaven, that you may be a new unleavened batch, as you really are. For Christ, our Passover lamb, has been sacrificed.
2 Corinthians 6:1717“Therefore come out from among them and be separate, says the Lord. Touch no unclean thing, and I will receive you.”
Jude 1:2323save others by snatching them from the fire; and to still others show mercy tempered with fear, hating even the clothing stained by the flesh.
To them also, as a body politic, he gave sundry judicial laws, which expired together with the State of that people, not obliging any other, now, further than the general equity thereof may require.
Scripture references for paragraph 4
Berean Standard Bible. Public domain text and source credits.
Genesis 49:1010The scepter will not depart from Judah, nor the staff from between his feet, until Shiloh comes and the allegiance of the nations is his.
1 Peter 2:13-1413Submit yourselves for the Lord’s sake to every human institution, whether to the king as the supreme authority,
14or to governors as those sent by him to punish those who do wrong and to praise those who do right.
Exodus 21:1-361“These are the ordinances that you are to set before them:
2If you buy a Hebrew servant, he is to serve you for six years. But in the seventh year, he shall go free without paying anything.
3If he arrived alone, he is to leave alone; if he arrived with a wife, she is to leave with him.
4If his master gives him a wife and she bears him sons or daughters, the woman and her children shall belong to her master, and only the man shall go free.
5But if the servant declares, ‘I love my master and my wife and children; I do not want to go free,’
6then his master is to bring him before the judges. And he shall take him to the door or doorpost and pierce his ear with an awl. Then he shall serve his master for life.
7And if a man sells his daughter as a servant, she is not to go free as the menservants do.
8If she is displeasing in the eyes of her master who had designated her for himself, he must allow her to be redeemed. He has no right to sell her to foreigners, since he has broken faith with her.
9And if he chooses her for his son, he must deal with her as with a daughter.
10If he takes another wife, he must not reduce the food, clothing, or marital rights of his first wife.
11If, however, he does not provide her with these three things, she is free to go without monetary payment.
12Whoever strikes and kills a man must surely be put to death.
13If, however, he did not lie in wait, but God allowed it to happen, then I will appoint for you a place where he may flee.
14But if a man schemes and acts willfully against his neighbor to kill him, you must take him away from My altar to be put to death.
15Whoever strikes his father or mother must surely be put to death.
16Whoever kidnaps another man must be put to death, whether he sells him or the man is found in his possession.
17Anyone who curses his father or mother must surely be put to death.
18If men are quarreling and one strikes the other with a stone or a fist, and he does not die but is confined to bed,
19then the one who struck him shall go unpunished, as long as the other can get up and walk around outside with his staff. Nevertheless, he must compensate the man for his lost work and see that he is completely healed.
20If a man strikes his manservant or maidservant with a rod, and the servant dies by his hand, he shall surely be punished.
21However, if the servant gets up after a day or two, the owner shall not be punished, since the servant is his property.
22If men who are fighting strike a pregnant woman and her child is born prematurely, but there is no further injury, he shall surely be fined as the woman’s husband demands and as the court allows.
23But if a serious injury results, then you must require a life for a life—
24eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot,
25burn for burn, wound for wound, and stripe for stripe.
26If a man strikes and blinds the eye of his manservant or maidservant, he must let the servant go free as compensation for the eye.
27And if he knocks out the tooth of his manservant or maidservant, he must let the servant go free as compensation for the tooth.
28If an ox gores a man or woman to death, the ox must surely be stoned, and its meat must not be eaten. But the owner of the ox shall not be held responsible.
29But if the ox has a habit of goring, and its owner has been warned yet does not restrain it, and it kills a man or woman, then the ox must be stoned and its owner must also be put to death.
30If payment is demanded of him instead, he may redeem his life by paying the full amount demanded of him.
31If the ox gores a son or a daughter, it shall be done to him according to the same rule.
32If the ox gores a manservant or maidservant, the owner must pay thirty shekels of silver to the master of that servant, and the ox must be stoned.
33If a man opens or digs a pit and fails to cover it, and an ox or a donkey falls into it,
34the owner of the pit shall make restitution; he must pay its owner, and the dead animal will be his.
35If a man’s ox injures his neighbor’s ox and it dies, they must sell the live one and divide the proceeds; they also must divide the dead animal.
36But if it was known that the ox had a habit of goring, yet its owner failed to restrain it, he shall pay full compensation, ox for ox, and the dead animal will be his.
Matthew 5:1717Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets. I have not come to abolish them, but to fulfill them.
Matthew 5:38-3938You have heard that it was said, ‘Eye for eye and tooth for tooth.’
39But I tell you not to resist an evil person. If someone slaps you on your right cheek, turn to him the other also;
1 Corinthians 9:8-108Do I say this from a human perspective? Doesn’t the Law say the same thing?
9For it is written in the Law of Moses: “Do not muzzle an ox while it is treading out the grain.” Is it about oxen that God is concerned?
10Isn’t He actually speaking on our behalf? Indeed, this was written for us, because when the plowman plows and the thresher threshes, they should also expect to share in the harvest.
The moral law doth forever bind all, as well justified persons as others, to the obedience thereof; and that not only in regard of the matter contained in it, but also in respect of the authority of God the Creator who gave it. Neither doth Christ in the gospel any way dissolve, but much strengthen, this obligation.
Scripture references for paragraph 5
Berean Standard Bible. Public domain text and source credits.
Romans 13:8-108Be indebted to no one, except to one another in love. For he who loves his neighbor has fulfilled the law.
9The commandments “Do not commit adultery,” “Do not murder,” “Do not steal,” “Do not covet,” and any other commandments, are summed up in this one decree: “Love your neighbor as yourself.”
10Love does no wrong to its neighbor. Therefore love is the fulfillment of the law.
Ephesians 6:22“Honor your father and mother” (which is the first commandment with a promise),
1 John 2:3-43By this we can be sure that we have come to know Him: if we keep His commandments.
4If anyone says, “I know Him,” but does not keep His commandments, he is a liar, and the truth is not in him.
1 John 2:7-87Beloved, I am not writing to you a new commandment, but an old one, which you have had from the beginning. This commandment is the message you have heard.
8Then again, I am also writing to you a new commandment, which is true in Him and also in you. For the darkness is fading and the true light is already shining.
Matthew 5:17-1917Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets. I have not come to abolish them, but to fulfill them.
18For I tell you truly, until heaven and earth pass away, not a single jot, not a stroke of a pen, will disappear from the Law until everything is accomplished.
19So then, whoever breaks one of the least of these commandments and teaches others to do likewise will be called least in the kingdom of heaven; but whoever practices and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
Romans 3:3131Do we, then, nullify the law by this faith? Certainly not! Instead, we uphold the law.
James 2:88If you really fulfill the royal law stated in Scripture, “Love your neighbor as yourself,” you are doing well.
James 2:10-1110Whoever keeps the whole law but stumbles at just one point is guilty of breaking all of it.
11For He who said, “Do not commit adultery,” also said, “Do not murder.” If you do not commit adultery, but do commit murder, you have become a lawbreaker.
Although true believers be not under the law as a covenant of works, to be thereby justified or condemned; yet is it of great use to them, as well as to others; in that, as a rule of life, informing them of the will of God and their duty, it directs and binds them to walk accordingly; discovering also the sinful pollutions of their nature, hearts, and lives; so as, examining themselves thereby, they may come to further conviction of, humiliation for, and hatred against sin; together with a clearer sight of the need they have of Christ, and the perfection of his obedience. It is likewise of use to the regenerate, to restrain their corruptions, in that it forbids sin; and the threatenings of it serve to show what even their sins deserve, and what afflictions in this life they may expect for them, although freed from the curse thereof threatened in the law. The promises of it, in like manner, show them God's approbation of obedience, and what blessings they may expect upon the performance thereof; although not as due to them by the law as a covenant of works: so as a man's doing good, and refraining from evil, because the law encourageth to the one, and deterreth from the other, is no evidence of his being under the law, and not under grace.
Scripture references for paragraph 6
Berean Standard Bible. Public domain text and source credits.
Acts 13:3939Through Him everyone who believes is justified from everything you could not be justified from by the law of Moses.
Romans 6:1414For sin shall not be your master, because you are not under law, but under grace.
Romans 8:11Therefore, there is now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus.
Galatians 2:1616know that a man is not justified by works of the law, but by faith in Jesus Christ. So we, too, have believed in Christ Jesus, that we may be justified by faith in Christ and not by works of the law, because by works of the law no one will be justified.
Galatians 3:1313Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us. For it is written: “Cursed is everyone who is hung on a tree.”
Galatians 4:4-54But when the time had fully come, God sent His Son, born of a woman, born under the law,
5to redeem those under the law, that we might receive our adoption as sons.
Romans 3:2020Therefore no one will be justified in His sight by works of the law. For the law merely brings awareness of sin.
Romans 7:77What then shall we say? Is the law sin? Certainly not! Indeed, I would not have been mindful of sin if not for the law. For I would not have been aware of coveting if the law had not said, “Do not covet.”
Psalms 119:4-64You have ordained Your precepts, that we should keep them diligently.
5Oh, that my ways were committed to keeping Your statutes!
6Then I would not be ashamed when I consider all Your commandments.
Romans 7:1212So then, the law is holy, and the commandment is holy, righteous, and good.
Romans 7:2222For in my inner being I delight in God’s law.
Romans 7:2525Thanks be to God, through Jesus Christ our Lord! So then, with my mind I serve the law of God, but with my flesh I serve the law of sin.
1 Corinthians 7:1919Circumcision is nothing and uncircumcision is nothing. Keeping God’s commandments is what counts.
Galatians 5:1414The entire law is fulfilled in a single decree: “Love your neighbor as yourself.”
Galatians 5:1616So I say, walk by the Spirit, and you will not gratify the desires of the flesh.
Galatians 5:18-2318But if you are led by the Spirit, you are not under the law.
19The acts of the flesh are obvious: sexual immorality, impurity, and debauchery;
20idolatry and sorcery; hatred, discord, jealousy, and rage; rivalries, divisions, factions,
21and envy; drunkenness, orgies, and the like. I warn you, as I did before, that those who practice such things will not inherit the kingdom of God.
22But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness,
23gentleness, and self-control. Against such things there is no law.
Romans 7:24-2524What a wretched man I am! Who will rescue me from this body of death?
25Thanks be to God, through Jesus Christ our Lord! So then, with my mind I serve the law of God, but with my flesh I serve the law of sin.
Romans 8:3-43For what the law was powerless to do in that it was weakened by the flesh, God did by sending His own Son in the likeness of sinful man, as an offering for sin. He thus condemned sin in the flesh,
4so that the righteous standard of the law might be fulfilled in us, who do not walk according to the flesh but according to the Spirit.
Galatians 3:2424So the law became our guardian to lead us to Christ, that we might be justified by faith.
Romans 7:99Once I was alive apart from the law; but when the commandment came, sin sprang to life and I died.
Romans 7:1414We know that the law is spiritual; but I am unspiritual, sold as a slave to sin.
Romans 7:2424What a wretched man I am! Who will rescue me from this body of death?
James 1:23-2523For anyone who hears the word but does not carry it out is like a man who looks at his face in a mirror,
24and after observing himself goes away and immediately forgets what he looks like.
25But the one who looks intently into the perfect law of freedom, and continues to do so—not being a forgetful hearer, but an effective doer—he will be blessed in what he does.
Ezra 9:13-1413After all that has come upon us because of our evil deeds and our great guilt (though You, our God, have punished us less than our iniquities deserve and have given us such a remnant as this),
14shall we again break Your commandments and intermarry with the peoples who commit these abominations? Would You not become so angry with us as to wipe us out, leaving no remnant or survivor?
Psalms 89:30-3430If his sons forsake My law and do not walk in My judgments,
31if they violate My statutes and fail to keep My commandments,
32I will attend to their transgression with the rod, and to their iniquity with stripes.
33But I will not withdraw My loving devotion from him, nor ever betray My faithfulness.
34I will not violate My covenant or alter the utterance of My lips.
Psalms 119:101101I have kept my feet from every evil path, that I may keep Your word.
Psalms 119:104104I gain understanding from Your precepts; therefore I hate every false way.
Psalms 119:128128Therefore I admire all Your precepts and hate every false way.
James 2:1111For He who said, “Do not commit adultery,” also said, “Do not murder.” If you do not commit adultery, but do commit murder, you have become a lawbreaker.
Luke 17:1010So you also, when you have done everything commanded of you, should say, ‘We are unworthy servants; we have only done our duty.’”
Leviticus 26:11“You must not make idols for yourselves or set up a carved image or sacred pillar; you must not place a sculpted stone in your land to bow down to it. For I am the LORD your God.
Leviticus 26:1010You will still be eating the old supply of grain when you need to clear it out to make room for the new.
Leviticus 26:1414If, however, you fail to obey Me and to carry out all these commandments,
2 Corinthians 6:1616What agreement can exist between the temple of God and idols? For we are the temple of the living God. As God has said: “I will dwell with them and walk among them, and I will be their God, and they will be My people.”
Psalms 19:1111By them indeed Your servant is warned; in keeping them is great reward.
Psalms 37:1111But the meek will inherit the land and delight in abundant prosperity.
Matthew 5:55Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth.
Ephesians 6:2-32“Honor your father and mother” (which is the first commandment with a promise),
3“that it may go well with you and that you may have a long life on the earth.”
Romans 6:1212Therefore do not let sin reign in your mortal body so that you obey its desires.
Hebrews 12:28-2928Therefore, since we are receiving an unshakable kingdom, let us be filled with gratitude, and so worship God acceptably with reverence and awe.
29“For our God is a consuming fire.”
1 Peter 3:8-128Finally, all of you, be like-minded and sympathetic, love as brothers, be tenderhearted and humble.
9Do not repay evil with evil or insult with insult, but with blessing, because to this you were called so that you may inherit a blessing.
10For, “Whoever would love life and see good days must keep his tongue from evil and his lips from deceitful speech.
11He must turn from evil and do good; he must seek peace and pursue it.
12For the eyes of the Lord are on the righteous, and His ears are inclined to their prayer. But the face of the Lord is against those who do evil.”
Psalms 34:12-1612Who is the man who delights in life, who desires to see good days?
13Keep your tongue from evil and your lips from deceitful speech.
14Turn away from evil and do good; seek peace and pursue it.
15The eyes of the LORD are on the righteous, and His ears are inclined to their cry.
16But the face of the LORD is against those who do evil, to wipe out all memory of them from the earth.
Neither are the forementioned uses of the law contrary to the grace of the gospel, but do sweetly comply with it: the Spirit of Christ subduing and enabling the will of man to do that freely and cheerfully which the will of God, revealed in the law, requireth to be done.
Scripture references for paragraph 7
Berean Standard Bible. Public domain text and source credits.
Galatians 3:2121Is the law, then, opposed to the promises of God? Certainly not! For if a law had been given that could impart life, then righteousness would certainly have come from the law.
Ezekiel 36:2727And I will put My Spirit within you and cause you to walk in My statutes and to carefully observe My ordinances.
Hebrews 8:1010For this is the covenant I will make with the house of Israel after those days, declares the Lord. I will put My laws in their minds and inscribe them on their hearts. And I will be their God, and they will be My people.
Jeremiah 31:3333“But this is the covenant I will make with the house of Israel after those days, declares the LORD. I will put My law in their minds and inscribe it on their hearts. And I will be their God, and they will be My people.
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